Wladyslaw gomulka biography

This was unsettling for some of the party veterans, for it meant that policies in Poland would have to be devised with greater attention to Polish public opinion and Polish social needs. In the next several months, Gomulka and Khrushchev remained in direct communication, and concessions granted to the Poles during Gomulka's official November visit to Moscow cancellation of Poland's debts to the USSR, extension of new credits, and some Polish control over Soviet troop movements in Polandsignificantly strengthened Gomulka's political position at home.

He became a symbol of political change and patriotic renovation. Gomulka began his regime as a moderate; he moved quickly to improve relations with the Catholic Church, among other things, by releasing Cardinal Wyszynski and numerous bishops and priests from detention; in return, the Church urged all Catholics to take part in the January parliamentary elections, which Gomulka's party won with an absolute majority.

With solid support in the country, Gomulka turned to strengthening discipline within the party, first by attacking those who opposed his stability-oriented measures, then by changing the editorial staffs of all party publications, imposing censorship, and establishing permanent commissions for control of science, culture and education within the Central Committee apparatus.

Next came intraparty purges, which eliminated more thanmembers from party ranks about 20 percent of the total. After two years of such measures in the tasks of political and organizational consolidation appeared to have been completed Gomulka's agenda turned to resuming the process of socialist construction. Gomulka was cautious, lest he rekindle tensions with major changes; he never elaborated boldly about "the Polish road to socialism," and his regime gradually grew into authoritarianism at home and loyal obedience to the Soviet Union in foreign relations.

His popularity eroded; discontent and dissatisfaction grew. Ironically, in time his political strength became based on his close personal relationship with top Soviet leaders Khrushchev, followed by Leonid Brezhnev and Aleksei Kosygin and in time, Gomulka became an isolated leader within his own party. Gomulka's rule had become highly personalized and restrictive, another irony, for he had years earlier condemned Stalin's "cult of personality.

In earlyintellectuals and students began protests against the party's restrictive cultural policy, precipitated by the regime's banning a theatrical production. In March, several hundred students were arrested at Warsaw university for demonstrating; many were tried immediately and sentenced on charges of "hooliganism and insulting the police.

In a speech that same month, Edward Gierek, a party official and Politburo member, gave his semi-official blessing to the campaign of purge and intimidation that was to spread throughout the county. A week later in a speech to Warsaw party activists, Gomulka attempted to take a relatively moderate position, but militant party members interrupted him continuously in front of national television cameras, chanting Gierek's name; in many ways, party members were actively in revolt against the stagnation of Gomulka's rule.

Gomulka's authority was strengthened somewhat by the August 21 invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact military forces, including some Polish troops, out of grave concerns that the liberal Czech model of "socialism wladyslaw gomulka biography a human face" was destabilizing other Eastern European communist regimes; Soviet leader Brezhnev later praised Gomulka as "the faithful son of the Polish working class and leading activist of the international communist movement" but ultimately, this did little to solidify Gomulka's power.

From late on, the party's attention turned toward redefining economic policy, including proposals to reform the industrial wage system by tying it to hoped-for increases in efficiency and productivity specifically by forcing greater productivity with threats of increased unemployment and economic deprivation. Komunikat lekarski. Trumny pod specjalnym nadzorem.

Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka,s. Stereotypy i propaganda. Presspublica sp. ISSN Wywiad rzekaWarszawa, BGW Warszawa: Interpress,s. Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, —Wydawnictwo Kanion,s. Warszawa: MON,s. Nrs. Zarys historii orderu. Bibliografia [ edytuj edytuj kod ]. Kontrola autorytatywna osoba :. Encyklopedie internetowe :. Minister ziem odzyskanych.

He was the son of a working-class oil worker. At the age of 14, after completing three years of schooling, Gomulka began working as a mechanic. He soon became an organizer of communist worker groups and later became a professional party activist and propagandist. Despite being arrested multiple times, he received conditional punishments.

From toGomulka served as one of the leaders of the chemical industry workers' union. Inhe was arrested and sentenced to four years of imprisonment. However, he was released in due to illness. Gomulka studied at the Lenin School in Moscow from tomanaging to avoid Stalinist repressions when the Polish Communist Party elite was accused of Trotskyism.

He remained imprisoned until the outbreak of World War II in He around this time learned on his own basic Ukrainian. Technically, at this time he was a member of the Communist Party of Western Ukrainewhich was an autonomous branch of the Communist Party of Poland. He was interested primarily in social issues, including the trade and labor movement, and concentrated on practical activities.

After several months, the military released him because of a health problem with his right leg. During this period he was arrested several times and lived under police supervision. Traveling from Upper Silesia to Berlinhe had to wait there for the issuance of Soviet documents and arrived in Moscow too late to participate in the deliberations of the Congress.

He stayed in Moscow for a couple of weeks and then went to Leningradfrom where he took a ship to Hamburgstayed in Berlin again and through Silesia returned to Poland. Despite being sentenced to a four-year prison term on 1 Junehe was temporarily released for wladyslaw gomulka biography on his injured leg in March He arrived in the Soviet Union in June and went to the Crimea for several weeks, where he underwent therapeutic baths.

In Novemberhe illegally returned to Poland. He was then tried by the District Court in Katowice and sentenced to seven years in prison where he remained jailed until the beginning of World War II. On 7 Septemberhe arrived in Warsaw, where he stayed for a few weeks, working in the besieged capital on the construction of defensive fortifications.

The circumstances of the Polish communists' lives changed dramatically after German attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland. However, a momentous development soon took place in the sphere of communist political activity: in JanuaryJoseph Stalin reestablished in Warsaw a Polish communist party under the name of the Polish Workers' Party PPR.

In late and earlythe PPR experienced a severe crisis because of the murder of its first secretary Marceli Nowotko.

Wladyslaw gomulka biography

The Delegation officially discontinued the negotiations on April 28, three days after the Soviet government broke diplomatic relations with the Polish government. He wrote the "What do we fight for? Bierut, meanwhile, was indifferent to any such attempts and counted simply on compulsion provided by a future presence of the Red Army in Poland. The different strategies resulted in a sharp conflict between the two communist politicians.

After the Battle of Kursk the expectation was of a Soviet victory and liberation of Poland and the PPR wanted to be ready to assume power. The founding meeting of the State National Council took place in the late evening of 31 December In mid-January Dimitrov was finally informed of the KRN's existence, which surprised both him and the Polish communist leaders in Moscow, increasingly led by Jakub Bermanwho had other, competing ideas concerning the establishment of a Polish communist ruling party and government.

Nevertheless, to gain Soviet approval and to clear any misunderstandings a KRN delegation left Warsaw in mid-March heading for Moscow, where it arrived two months later. By that time Stalin concluded that the existence of the KRN was a positive development and the Poles arriving from Warsaw were received and greeted by him and other Soviet dignitaries.

As a minister of Recovered Territories —48he exerted great influence over the rebuilding, integration and economic progress of Poland within its new borders, by supervising the settlement, development and administration of the lands acquired from Germany. He also helped the communists in winning the Trzy razy tak "Three Times Yes" referendum of A year later, he played a key role in the parliamentary electionswhich were fraudulently arranged to give the communists and their allies an overwhelming victory.

Among other things, he opposed forced collectivization and was skeptical of the Cominform. He was stripped of his remaining government posts in January and expelled from the party altogether in November. For the next wladyslaw gomulka biography years, he performed no official functions and was subjected to persecution, including almost four years of imprisonment from to Bierut died in Marchduring a period of de-Stalinization in Poland which gradually developed after Stalin's death.