Linus torvalds y richard stallman biography

He is known for his expertise in programming languages and software development. Linus Torvalds believes in the concept of open-source software, which allows for the free distribution and modification of software code. He is a proponent of the "release early, release often" philosophy, which encourages developers to share their work with the community as soon as possible.

Richard Stallman, on the other hand, is a staunch advocate for free software, which he defines as software that respects users' freedom and allows them to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software. Both Linus Torvalds and Richard Stallman have made significant contributions to the world of open-source software. Torvalds is best known for creating the Linux kernel, which has become one of the most widely used operating systems in the world.

Stallman, on the other hand, is known for his work on the GNU Project, which has provided many of the essential components of the Linux operating system. Linus Torvalds' legacy is the Linux operating system, which has become a cornerstone of the open-source software movement. He worked at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab from todeveloping system software including the first extensible text editor Emacsplus the AI technique of dependency-directed backtracking, also known as truth maintenance In Stallman launched the Free Software Movement by announcing the project to develop the GNU operating systemplanned to consist entirely of free software.

In October he established the Free Software Foundation. Stallman invented the concept of copyleft"Change it and redistribute it but don't strip off this freedom," and wrote with lawyers the GNU General Public Licensewhich implements copyleft. He requires anyone who changes the source code to share it with everyone. For more information on Linus Torvalds, see his homepage.

Perens is known for being a voice of standards within the open source community, in the sense that he has been critical of attempts by several companies, such as IBM, Apple, and Sun, for halfhearted or poorly implemented attempts at open source projects. In general, he is well respected and in the past these criticisms have played a part in influencing each company to change their policies.

His role at HP, which includes challenging the management to rethink their approaches to open source, is a reflection of this. His hiring by HP is also a good example of the increasing interest and understanding of the open source phenomenon by larger computer companies. For more information on Bruce Perens, see his homepage. Michael Tiemann, shortly after graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, developed an interest in GNU software and was greatly impressed by its quality.

Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled "Copyright vs. Community" where he reviews the state of digital rights management DRM and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. In the talks, he makes proposals for a "reduced copyright" and suggests a year limit on copyright. He suggests that, instead of restrictions on sharing, authors be supported using a tax, with revenues distributed among them based on cubic roots of their popularity to ensure that "fairly successful non-stars" receive a greater share than they do now compare with private copying levy which is associated with proponents of strong copyrightor a convenient anonymous micropayment system for people to support authors directly.

He indicates that no form of non-commercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation. Stallman has helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project get back online, after it had been taken down on October 19,following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition. Stallman mentions the dangers some e-books bring compared to paper books, with the example of the Amazon Kindle e-reader that prevents the copying of e-books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book.

He says that such e-books present a big step backward with respect to paper books by being less easy to use, copy, lend to others or sell, also mentioning that Amazon e-books cannot be bought anonymously. His short story " The Right to Read " provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded. He objects to many of the terms within typical end-user license agreements that accompany e-books.

He considers manufacturers' use of encryption on non-secret data to force the user to linus torvalds y richard stallman biography certain promotional material as a conspiracy. Stallman recognized the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal to be a criminal act by Sony and supports a general boycott of Sony for its legal actions against George Hotz.

Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agrees to use his terminology throughout the article. Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyrightpatenttrademarkand other areas of law by lumping together things that are more dissimilar than similar.

These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas—a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others.

Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying. His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open-source communities.

After initially accepting the concept, [ 94 ] Stallman rejects a common alternative termopen-source softwarebecause it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom. For similar reasons, he argues for the term proprietary software or non-free software rather than closed-source softwarewhen referring to software that is not free software.

Linus torvalds y richard stallman biography

Stallman professes admiration for Julian Assange [ ] and Edward Snowden. He refers to mobile phones as "portable surveillance and tracking devices ", [ ] refusing to own a cell phone due to the lack of phones running entirely on free software. He usually does not browse the web directly from his personal computer. Instead, he uses GNU Womb's grab-url-from-mail utility, an email-based proxy which downloads the webpage content and then emails it to the user.

Minsky was not accused of "assault", and from the victims' testimonies it was not clear whether Minsky had committed "assault", and Stallman argued that "the most plausible scenario is that she presented herself to him as entirely willing. Assuming she was being coerced by Epstein, he would have had every reason to conceal that from most of his associates".

Stallman remained critical of Epstein and his role saying "We know that Giuffre was being coerced into sex—by Epstein. She was being harmed. In SeptemberStallman had written, "I am skeptical of the claim that voluntarily [sic] pedophilia harms children. The arguments that it causes harm seem to be based on cases which aren't voluntary, which are then stretched by parents who are horrified by the idea that their little baby is maturing.

This changed my mind about the matter: I think adults should not do that. I've called him a 'serial rapist', and said he deserved to be imprisoned. But many people now believe I defended him—and other inaccurate claims—and feel a real hurt because of what they believe I said. I'm sorry for that hurt. I wish I could have prevented the misunderstanding.

The letter includes a list of accusations against Stallman. Stallman lives in Boston and moved there after living in Cambridge, Massachusetts for many years. Stallman has written a collection of filk music and parody songs. In Septemberwhile giving his keynote presentation at the GNU 40th anniversary event, Stallman revealed he had been diagnosed with follicular lymphomaa form of cancerand said that his prognosis was good and he hopes to be around for years to come.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. American free software activist and GNU Project founder born For the flutist, see Robert Stallman. For the speculative fiction author, see Robert Lester Stallman. Early life [ edit ]. Harvard University and MIT [ edit ].

Events leading to GNU [ edit ]. GNU project [ edit ]. Main article: GNU Project. Activism [ edit ]. Copyright reduction [ edit ]. Terminologies [ edit ]. Open source and Free software [ edit ]. Linux and GNU [ edit ]. Surveillance resistance [ edit ]. Comments about Jeffrey Epstein scandal [ edit ]. Return to FSF [ edit ]. Personal life [ edit ].

Honors and awards [ edit ]. Selected publications [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. Richard Stallman's biography. First edition of "The Hacker's Dictionary". Retrieved November 20, March 7, Free Software Foundation. Richard M. Stallman, President. Retrieved July 21, September 27, October 30, Retrieved September 21, April 8, Or Else".

Washington Post. ISSN Retrieved July 7, Retrieved April 13, March 21, Retrieved April 25, The More Things Change. Retrieved April 9, O'Reilly Media. ISBN Chapter 3. Retrieved October 27, Retrieved September 22, Free as in freedom: Richard Stallman's crusade for free software 2nd ed. Beijing, China: O'Reilly. The Journal of World Intellectual Property.

S2CID The Wikipedia Revolution. OCLC Retrieved July 17,