Biography pope paul iii papal bull

The Council of Trent was the last ecumenical council for years. He disbanded convents and monasteries while making himself the leader of the Church of England. It was the dismantling of the shrine of St. Michaelangelo refined the architecture as work continued after Alessandro ascended to the papacy. This fresco is considered one of the most important pieces of artwork finished during the papacy of Pope Paul III.

This famous renaissance-styled church is traditionally known as the burial site for Saint Peter. Pope Paul III approved the formation of this religious order in It is also known as the Jesuit Order Jesuits. Ignatius of Loyola and six other men swore oaths and took religious vows in In his desire to unite all parties, he sought for vague formulae to which all could subscribe, a relapse into the mistakes of the Byzantine emperors.

A council of the Churchon the other hand, must formulate the Faith with such precision that no heretic can subscribe to it.

Biography pope paul iii papal bull

It took some years to convince the emperor and his mediatizing advisors that Catholicism and Protestantism are as opposite as light and darkness. Meanwhile Paul III set about the reform of the papal court with a vigour which paved the way for the disciplinary canons of Trent. He appointed commissions to report abuses of every kind; he reformed the Apostolic Camerathe tribunal of the Rota, the Penitentiaria, and the Chancery.

He enhanced the prestige of the papacy by doing single-handed what his predecessors had reserved to the action of a council. In the constantly recurring quarrels between Francis and Charles, Paul III preserved a strict neutrality, notwithstanding that Charles urged him to support the empire and subject Francis to the censures of the Church.

It was as much for the purpose of securing the integrity of the papal dominions, as for the exaltation of his family, that Paul extorted from Charles and his reluctant cardinals the erection of Piacenza and Parma into a duchy for his son, Pier Luigi. A feud arose with Gonzagathe imperial Governor of Milan, which ended later in the assassination of Pier Luigi and the permanent alienation of Piacenza from the Papal States.

When the Treaty of Crespi September 18, ended the disastrous wars between Charles and Francis, Paul energetically took up the project of convening a general council. Since the Protestants repudiated a council presided over by the Roman pontiff, Charles was resolved to reduce the princes to obedience by force of arms. To this Paul did not object, and promised to aid him with three hundred thousand ducats and twenty thousand infantry; but he wisely added the proviso, that Charles should enter into no separate treaties with the heretics and make no agreement prejudicial to the Faith or to the rights of the Holy See.

Charles now contended that the council should be prorogued, until victory had decided in favor of the Catholics. Furthermore, foreseeing that the struggle with the preachers of heresy would be more stubborn than the conflict with the princes, he urged the pontiff to avoid making dogmas of faith for the present and confine the labors of the council to the enforcement of discipline.

To neither of these proposals could the pope agree. Finally, after endless difficulties December 13, the Council of Trent held its first session. Although these belonged to the Papal States, Paul thought to overcome the biography pope paul iii papal bull of the cardinals by exchanging the duchies for the less valuable domains of Camerino and Nepi.

The emperor agreed, because of his prospective compensation to the extent of 12, infantry, troopers, and considerable sums of money. In Germany the campaign began in the west, where Protestant movements had been at work in the archbishopric of Cologne since The Reformation was not a complete success there, because the city council and the majority of the chapter opposed it; whereas on Apr.

In the mean time open warfare had begun against the Evangelical princes, estates, and cities allied in the Schmalkaldic League see Philip of Hesse. By the close ofCharles V succeeded in subjugating South Germany, while the victorious battle at Muhlberg, on Apr. But while north of the Alps, in virtue of his preparations for the Interim and its enforcement, the emperor was widely instrumental in recovering Germany to Roman Catholicism, the pope now held aloof from him because the emperor himself had stood aloof in the matter of endowing Pier Luigi with Parma and Piacenza, and the situation came to a total rupture when the imperial vice-regent, Ferrante Gonzaga, proceeded forcibly to expel Pier Luigi.

The pope's son was assassinated at Piacenza, and Paul III believed that this had not come to pass without the emperor's foreknowledge. In the same year, however, and after the death of the French King Francis I, with whom the pope had once again sought an alliance, the stress of circumstances compelled him to do the emperor's will and accept the ecclesiastical measures adopted during the Interim.

With reference to the assassinated prince's inheritance, the restitution of which Paul III demanded ostensibly in the name and for the sake of the Church, the pope's design was thwarted by the emperor, who refused to surrender Piacenza, and by Pier Luigi's heir in Parma, Ottavio Farnese. In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, the pope, at the age of eighty-one years, became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died, Nov.

He recognized new Catholic religious orders and societies such as the Jesuitsthe Barnabitesand the Congregation of the Oratory. His efforts were distracted by nepotism to advance the power and fortunes of his family, including his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese. Paul III was a significant patron of artists, including Michelangeloand Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated his heliocentric treatise to him.

The Farnese family had prospered over the centuries, but it was Alessandro's ascendency to the papacy and his dedication to family interests which brought about the most significant increase in the family's wealth and power. Alessandro was given a humanist education at the University of Pisa and the court of Lorenzo de' Medici. Alessandro's sister, Giuliawas reputedly a mistress of Alexander VI, and might have been instrumental in securing this appointment for her brother.

For this reason, he was sometimes mockingly referred to as the "Borgia brother-in-law," just as Giulia was mocked as "the Bride of Christ. As a young cleric, Alessandro lived a notably dissolute life, taking a mistress, Silvia Ruffini. Between about andshe gave birth to at least four children: Costanza[ 1 ] Pier Luigi who was later created Duke of Parma[ 5 ] Paolo, and Ranuccio.

On 28 MarchAlessandro was named Bishop of Parma, but he was not ordained a priest until 26 June and not consecrated a bishop until 2 July As Bishop of Parma, he came under the influence of his vicar-general, Bartolomeo Guidiccioni. This led to Alessandro breaking off the relationship with his mistress and committing himself to reform in his diocese.

The elevation to the cardinalate of his grandsons, Alessandro Farneseaged 14, and Guido Ascanio Sforzaaged 16, displeased the reform party and drew a protest from the emperor, but this was forgiven when, shortly after, he introduced into the Sacred College Reginald PoleGasparo ContariniJacopo Sadoletoand Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, [ 2 ] who became Pope Paul IV.

The fourth pope during the period of the Protestant ReformationPaul III became the first to take active reform measures in response to Protestantism. InPaul III invited a committee of nine eminent prelatesdistinguished by learning and piety alike, to report on the reformation and rebuilding of the Church. In they produced the celebrated Consilium de emendenda ecclesia[ 10 ] exposing gross abuses in the Roman Curia, the church administration, and public worship; and proffering bold proposals aimed at abolishing such abuses.

The report was widely printed, and the pope was in earnest when he took up the problem of reform. He clearly perceived that Emperor Charles V would not rest until the problems were grappled with in earnest. However, to the Protestants, the report seemed far from thorough; Martin Luther had his edition prefaced with a vignette showing the cardinals cleaning the Augean stable of the Roman Church with foxtails instead of brooms.

As a consequence of the extensive campaign against "idolatry" in Englandculminating with the dismantling of the shrine of St. Ina decision by Paul III favoured the activity of merchants of all nationalities and religions from the Levant and allowed them to settle with their families in Anconawhich had become part of the Papal States under his predecessor Clement VII.

This decision helped make Ancona a prosperous trading city for centuries to come. A Venetian travelling through Ancona in recorded that the city was "full of merchants from every nation and mostly Greeks and Turks. Around this time, family complications arose. In order to vest his grandson Ottavio Farnese with the Duchy of CamerinoPaul forcibly wrested the same from the duke of Urbino He also incurred virtual war with his own subjects and vassals by the imposition of burdensome taxes.

Perugiarenouncing its obedience, was besieged by Paul's son, Pier Luigi, and forfeited its freedom entirely on its surrender. The burghers of Colonna were duly vanquished, and Ascanio was banished After this, the time seemed ripe for annihilating heresy. Inthe Church officially recognized the biography pope paul iii papal bull forming about Ignatius of Loyolawhich became the Society of Jesus.

On another side, the emperor was insisting that Rome should forward his designs toward a peaceable recovery of the German Protestants. Accordingly, the pope despatched Giovanni Morone not yet a cardinal as nuncio to Hagenau and Worms in ; and in Cardinal Gasparo Contarini took part in the adjustment proceedings at the Conference of Regensburg.

It was Contarini who proposed the famous formula "by faith alone are we justified," which did not, however, supersede the Roman Catholic doctrine of good works. At Rome, this definition was rejected in the consistory of 27 May, and Luther declared that he could accept it only provided the opposers would admit that this formula constituted a change of doctrine.

However, after the Regensburg Conference had proved fruitless, the emperor insisted on a still larger council, with the final result being the Council of Trentwhich finally was convoked on 15 Marchunder the bull Laetare Hierusalem. Meanwhile, after the peace of Crespy SeptemberEmperor Charles V — began to put down Protestantism by force. Pending the Diet of Worms inthe emperor concluded a covenant of joint action with the papal legate Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, with Paul III agreeing to aid in the projected war against the German Protestant princes and estates.

This prompt acquiescence was probably grounded on personal motives: Because the emperor was preoccupied in Germany, the moment now seemed opportune for the pope to acquire for his son Pier Luigi the duchies of Parma and Piacenza. The emperor agreed, welcoming the prospect of 12, infantry, cavalry, and considerable funds from the pope. In Germany the campaign began in the west, where Archbishop of Cologne Hermann of Wied had converted to Protestantism in Emperor Charles began open warfare against the Protestant princes, estates, and cities allied in the Schmalkaldic League see Philip of Hesse.

Hermann was excommunicated on 16 April and compelled by the emperor to abdicate in February