Benjamin franklin small biography of gandhi

Franklin and Captain Tim Folger, who first turned the Gulf Stream to nautical account, the discovery that there was a Gulf Stream cannot be said to belong to either of them, for its existence was known to Peter Martyr d'Anghieraand to Sir Humphrey Gilbertin the 16th century. An aging Franklin accumulated all his oceanographic findings in Maritime Observationspublished by the Philosophical Society's transactions in Franklin was, along with his contemporary Leonhard Eulerthe only major scientist who supported Christiaan Huygens 's wave theory of lightwhich was basically ignored by the rest of the scientific community.

In the 18th century, Isaac Newton 's corpuscular theory was held to be true; it took Thomas Young's well-known slit experiment in to persuade most scientists to believe Huygens's theory. On October 21,according to the popular myth, a storm moving from the southwest denied Franklin the opportunity of witnessing a lunar eclipse. He was said to have noted that the prevailing winds were actually from the northeast, contrary to what he had expected.

In correspondence with his brother, he learned that the same storm had not reached Boston until after the eclipse, despite the fact that Boston is to the northeast of Philadelphia. He deduced that storms do not always travel in the direction of the prevailing wind, a concept that greatly influenced meteorology. He wrote about them in a lecture series.

Though Franklin is famously associated with kites from his lightning experiments, he has also been noted by many for using kites to pull humans and ships across waterways. Franklin noted a principle of refrigeration by observing that on a very hot day, he stayed cooler in a wet shirt in a breeze than he did in a dry one. To understand this phenomenon more clearly, he conducted experiments.

In on a warm day in CambridgeEngland, he and fellow scientist John Hadley experimented by continually wetting the ball of a benjamin franklin small biography of gandhi thermometer with ether and using bellows to evaporate the ether. In his letter Cooling by EvaporationFranklin noted that, "One may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day.

InFranklin wrote a letter to Mary Stevenson describing his experiments on the relationship between color and heat absorption. One experiment he performed consisted of placing square pieces of cloth of various color out in the snow on a sunny day. He waited some time and then measured that the black pieces sank furthest into the snow of all the colors, indicating that they got the hottest and melted the most snow.

According to Michael FaradayFranklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice are worth mentioning, although the law of the general effect of liquefaction on electrolytes is not attributed to Franklin. Franklin wrote, " A certain quantity of heat will make some bodies good conductors, that will not otherwise conduct And water, though naturally a good conductor, will not conduct well when frozen into ice.

While traveling on a ship, Franklin had observed that the wake of a ship was diminished when the cooks scuttled their greasy water. He studied the effects on a large pond in Clapham CommonLondon. Then during three or four Days Consideration I put down under the different Heads short Hints of the different Motives that at different Times occur to me for or against the Measure.

When I have thus got them all together in one View, I endeavour to estimate their respective Weights; and where I find two, one on each side, that seem equal, I strike them both out: If I find a Reason pro equal to some two Reasons conI strike out the three. If I judge some two Reasons con equal to some three Reasons proI strike out the five; and thus proceeding I find at length where the Ballance lies; and if after a Day or two of farther Consideration nothing new that is of Importance occurs on either side, I come to a Determination accordingly.

Like the other advocates of republicanismFranklin emphasized that the new republic could survive only if the people were virtuous. All his life, he explored the benjamin franklin small biography of gandhi of civic and personal virtue, as expressed in Poor Richard's aphorisms. He felt that organized religion was necessary to keep men good to their fellow men, but rarely attended religious services himself.

Franklin's parents were both pious Puritans. The book preached the importance of forming voluntary associations to benefit society. Franklin learned about forming do-good associations from Mather, but his organizational skills made him the most influential force in making voluntarism an enduring part of the American ethos. Franklin formulated a presentation of his beliefs and published it in He classified himself as a deist in his autobiography, [ ] although he still considered himself a Christian.

At a critical impasse during the Constitutional Convention in Junehe attempted to introduce the practice of daily common prayer with these words:. In the beginning of the contest with G. Britain, when we were sensible of danger we had daily prayer in this room for the Divine Protection. Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered.

All of us who were engaged in the struggle must have observed frequent instances of a Superintending providence in our favor. And have we now forgotten that powerful friend? I have lived, Sir, a long time and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth—that God governs in the affairs of men I therefore beg leave to move—that henceforth prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morning before we proceed to business, and that one or more of the Clergy of this City be requested to officiate in that service.

The motion gained almost no support and was never brought to a vote. Franklin was an enthusiastic admirer of the evangelical minister George Whitefield during the First Great Awakening. He did not himself subscribe to Whitefield's theology, but he admired Whitefield for exhorting people to worship God through good works. He published all of Whitefield's sermons and journals, thereby earning a lot of money and boosting the Great Awakening.

Sunday being my studying day, I never was without some religious principles. I never doubted, for instance, the existence of the Deity; that He made the world, and governed it by His providence; that the most acceptable service of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that all crime will be punished, and virtue rewarded, either here or hereafter.

Franklin retained a lifelong commitment to the non-religious Puritan virtues and political values he had grown up with, and through his civic work and publishing, he succeeded in passing these values into the American culture permanently. He had a "passion for virtue. The classical authors read in the Enlightenment period taught an abstract ideal of republican government based on hierarchical social orders of king, aristocracy and commoners.

It was widely believed that English liberties relied on their balance of power, but also hierarchal deference to the privileged class. Franklin's commitment to teach these values was itself something he gained from his Puritan upbringing, with its stress on "inculcating virtue and character in themselves and their communities. Max Weber considered Franklin's ethical writings a culmination of the Protestant ethicwhich ethic created the social conditions necessary for the birth of capitalism.

One of his characteristics was his respect, tolerance and promotion of all churches. Referring to his experience in Philadelphia, he wrote in his autobiography, "new Places of worship were continually wanted, and generally erected by voluntary Contribution, my Mite for such purpose, whatever might be the Sect, was never refused. Although his parents had intended for him a career in the church, [ 19 ] Franklin as a young man adopted the Enlightenment religious belief in deism, that God's truths can be found entirely through nature and reason, [ ] declaring, "I soon became a thorough Deist.

In a major scholarly study of his religion, Thomas Kidd argues that Franklin believed that true religiosity was a matter of personal morality and civic virtue. Kidd says Franklin maintained his lifelong resistance to orthodox Christianity while arriving finally at a "doctrineless, moralized Christianity. The Church of England claimed him as one of them.

The Presbyterians thought him half a Presbyterian, and the Friends believed him a wet Quaker. Injust about a month before he died, Franklin wrote a letter to Ezra Stilespresident of Yale Universitywho had asked him his views on religion:. As to Jesus of Nazarethmy Opinion of whom you particularly desire, I think the System of Morals and his Religion, as he left them to us, the best the world ever saw or is likely to see; but I apprehend it has received various corrupt changes, and I have, with most of the present Dissenters in Englandsome Doubts as to his divinity; tho' it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and I think it needless to busy myself with it now, when I expect soon an Opportunity of knowing the Truth with less Trouble.

I see no harm, however, in its being believed, if that belief has the good consequence, as it probably has, of making his doctrines more respected and better observed; especially as I do not perceive that the Supreme takes it amiss, by distinguishing the unbelievers in his government of the world with any particular marks of his displeasure.

Franklin's proposal which was not adopted featured the motto: "Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God" and a scene from the Book of Exodus he took from the frontispiece of the Geneva Bible[ ] with Mosesthe Israelitesthe pillar of fireand George III depicted as pharaoh. The design that was produced was not acted upon by Congress, and the Great Seal's design was not finalized until a third committee was appointed in Franklin strongly supported the right to freedom of speech :.

In those wretched countries where a man cannot call his tongue his own, he can scarce call anything his own. Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by subduing the freeness of speech Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as public liberty without freedom of speech, which is the right of every man Franklin sought to cultivate his character by a plan of 13 virtues, which he developed at age 20 in and continued to practice in some form for the rest of his life.

His autobiography lists his 13 virtues as: [ ]. Franklin did not try to work on them all at once. Instead, he worked on only one each week "leaving all others to their ordinary chance. Franklin's views and practices concerning slavery evolved over the course of his life. In his early years, Franklin owned seven slaves, including two men who worked in his household and his shop, but in his later years became an adherent of abolition.

He later became an outspoken critic of slavery. Inhe advocated the opening of a school for the education of black slaves in Philadelphia. King escaped with a woman to live in the outskirts of London, [ ] and by he was working for a household in Suffolk. In the wake of Somerset v Stewarthe voiced frustration at British abolitionists:. O Pharisaical Britain!

Franklin refused to publicly debate the issue of slavery at the Constitutional Convention. Many of the benjamin franklin small biography of gandhi American founders — such as Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and James Madison — owned slaves, but many others did not. Benjamin Franklin thought that slavery was "an atrocious debasement of human nature" and "a source of serious evils.

Their argument against slavery was backed by the Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society. In his later years, as Congress was forced to deal with the issue of slavery, Franklin wrote several essays that stressed the importance of the abolition of slavery and of the integration of African Americans into American society. These writings included:. Franklin became a vegetarian when he was a teenager apprenticing at a print shop, after coming upon a book by the early vegetarian advocate Thomas Tryon.

His reasons for vegetarianism were based on health, ethics, and economy:. When about 16 years of age, I happen'd to meet with a book written by one Tryon, recommending a vegetable diet. I determined to go into it This was an additional fund for buying books: but I had another advantage in it I made the greater progress from that greater clearness of head and quicker apprehension which usually attend temperance in eating and drinking.

Franklin also declared the consumption of fish to be "unprovoked murder. Nonetheless, he recognized the faulty ethics in this argument [ ] and would continue to be a vegetarian on and off. Franklin sent a sample of soybeans to prominent American botanist John Bartram and had previously written to British diplomat and Chinese trade expert James Flint inquiring as to how tofu was made, [ ] with their correspondence believed to be the first documented use of the word "tofu" in the English language.

Franklin's "Second Reply to Vindex Patriae, " a letter advocating self-sufficiency and less dependence on England, lists various examples of the bounty of American agricultural products, and does not mention meat. The concept of preventing smallpox by variolation was introduced to colonial America by an African slave named Onesimus via his owner Cotton Mather in the early eighteenth century, but the procedure was not immediately accepted.

James Franklin's newspaper carried articles in [ ] that vigorously denounced the concept. However, by Benjamin Franklin was known as a supporter of the procedure. Therefore, when four-year-old "Franky" died of smallpox, opponents of the procedure circulated rumors that the child had been inoculated, and that this was the cause of his subsequent death.

When Franklin became aware of this gossip, he placed a notice in the Pennsylvania Gazettestating: "I do hereby sincerely declare, that he was not inoculated, but receiv'd the Distemper in the common Way of Infection I intended to have my Child inoculated. Franklin wrote in his Autobiography : "In I lost one of my sons, a fine boy of four years old, by the small-pox, taken in the common way.

I long regretted bitterly, and still regret that I had not given it to him by inoculation. This I mention for the sake of parents who omit that operation, on the supposition that they should never forgive themselves if a child died under it; my example showing that the regret may be the same either way, and that, therefore, the safer should be chosen.

Franklin is known to have played the violin, the harp, and the guitar. He also composed music, which included a string quartet in early classical style. He worked with the London glassblower Charles James to create it, and instruments based on his mechanical version soon found their way to other parts of Europe. Franklin was an avid chess player.

He was playing chess by aroundmaking him the first chess player known by name in the American colonies. Franklin was able to play chess more frequently against stronger opposition during his many years as a civil servant and diplomat in England, where the game was far better established than in America. He was able to improve his playing standard by facing more experienced players during this period.

He regularly attended Old Slaughter's Coffee House in London for chess and socializing, making many important personal contacts. No records of his games have survived, so it is not possible to ascertain his playing strength in modern terms. Franklin was inducted into the U. Chess Hall of Fame in The main character leaves a smallish amount of money in his will, five lots of livresto collect interest over one, two, three, four or five full centuries, with the resulting astronomical sums to be spent on impossibly elaborate utopian projects.

From tothe money was used mostly for mortgage loans. When the trust came due, Philadelphia decided to spend it on scholarships for local high school students. Ina group of prominent ministers in Lancaster, Pennsylvaniaproposed the foundation of a new college named in Franklin's honor. Constitution inFranklin is considered one of the leading Founding Fathers of the United States.

His pervasive influence in the early history of the nation has led to his being jocularly called "the only president of the United States who was never president of the United States. Franklin's likeness is ubiquitous. From toFranklin's portrait was on the half-dollar. On April 12,as part of a bicentennial celebration, Congress dedicated a foot 6 m tall marble statue in Philadelphia's Franklin Institute as the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.

Vice President Nelson Rockefeller presided over the dedication ceremony. In London, his house at 36 Craven Street, which is the only surviving former residence of Franklin, was first marked with a blue plaque and has since been opened to the public as the Benjamin Franklin House. A total of 15 bodies have been recovered. They note that while Franklin likely knew what Hewson was doing, he probably did not participate in any dissections because he was much more of a physicist than a medical man.

He has been honored on U. The image of Franklin, the first postmaster general of the United States, occurs on the face of U. From throughthe U. Post Office issued a series of postage stamps commonly referred to as the Washington—Franklin Issuesin which Washington and Franklin were depicted many times over a year period, the longest run of any one series in U.

However, he only appears on a few commemorative stamps. Some of the finest portrayals of Franklin on record can be found on the engravings inscribed on the face of U. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item.

American polymath and statesman — For other uses, see Benjamin Franklin disambiguation. Portrait by Joseph Duplessis Deborah Read. William Francis Sarah. Josiah Franklin Abiah Folger. Early life and education. An illustration of Franklin's birthplace on Milk Street in Boston. Moves to Philadelphia and London.

Benjamin franklin small biography of gandhi

Junto and library. Further information: Early American publishers and printers. Common-law marriage to Deborah Read. Deborah Read FranklinFranklin's common-law wife, c. William Franklin. Main article: William Franklin. Success as an author. Public life. Anti-monarchism Anti-corruption Civic virtue Civil society Consent of the governed Democracy Democratization Liberty as non-domination Mixed government Political representation Popular sovereignty Public participation Republic Res publica Rule of law Self-governance Separation of powers Social contract Social equality.

Theoretical works. Republic c. National variants. Related topics. Early steps in Pennsylvania. Political work. Scientific work. Return to London and Travels in Europe. Defending the American cause. Agent for British and Hellfire Club membership. Coming of revolution. Declaration of Independence. Ambassador to France — Return to America. President of Pennsylvania and Delegate to the Constitutional convention.

Inventions and scientific inquiries. Kite experiment and lightning rod. Population studies. Theories and experiments. Views on religion, morality, and slavery. Thirteen Virtues. View on inoculation. Interests and activities. Musical endeavors. Further information: List of places named for Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Franklin in popular culture.

Pennsylvania Historical Marker. Likeness and image. Examples of Franklin on U. See also. Scott was a descendant of Franklin. William Bache great-grandfather to Sarah Franklin Bache great-great grandmother to Franklin great-great-great grandfather. Historian Friedrich Christoph Schlosser remarked at the time, with ample hyperbole, that "Such was the number of portraits, busts and medallions of him in circulation before he left Paris, that he would have been recognized from them by any adult citizen in any part of the civilized world.

Cambridge University Press. ISBN Knopf Doubleday Publishing. Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence. Retrieved June 7, Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved October 19, United States Postal Service. Archived PDF from the original on October 9, Retrieved May 29, University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. ISSN JSTOR Library of Congress, Washington, D. Retrieved May 13, The Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Franklin. The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin. Penguin Press. Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Macmillan's pocket English and American classics. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved February 1, University of Missouri Press.

Retrieved June 1, Creativity Research Journal. S2CID Tools Tools. In other projects. New DelhiDominion of India. Raj Ghat Gandhi Smriti. Indian Empire until Dominion of India from Leadership of the campaign for India's independence from British rule Nonviolent resistance. Kasturba Gandhi. Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas. Karamchand Gandhi Putlibai Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi's voice. Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual message to the world Recorded 17 October Early life [ change change source ]. As an activist [ change change source ]. Death [ change change source ]. See the main article: Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. References [ change change source ]. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohandas K. Reach and Teach's Just Lists.

Retrieved Retrieved 4 April Sahitya Akademi. Gandhi and Gandhi and the Mass Movement. New Delhi. Indian Historical Review. City University of New York Press. Gandhi and the Mass Movement. Mahatma Gandhi. Evans Brothers. Retrieved 5 January Hogg Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 September Archived from the original on 2 October Dirks Princeton University Press.

Allied Publishers. Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography. Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 27 May Orissa Review. Archived from the original PDF on 24 December Retrieved 12 April Modern Asian Studies. The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership. Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Marketing. Retrieved 8 December Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, Studies in imperialism.

Manchester University Press. India's Struggle for Independence. Penguin Books. A Fine Family. Navajivan Publishing House. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: a historic partnership. Publishing Corporation. End of empire. Retrieved 1 September By the late s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people.

The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 April Retrieved 25 March Propaganda and information in Eastern India, — a necessary weapon of war. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, benjamin franklin small biography of gandhi the vast majority lived in the countryside, For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of may have been the first they know about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India.

A History of India. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 6 June Divide and Quit. A concise history of modern India. Random House Digital, Inc. His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought — he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops.

Patel and the government took the fast partly as condemnation of their decision to withhold a considerable cash sum still outstanding to Pakistan as a result of the allocation of undivided India's assets because the hostilities that had broken out in Kashmir; But even when the government agreed to pay out the cash, Gandhi would not break his fast: that he would only do after a large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city.

LCCN Disputes over Kashmir and the division of assets and water in the aftermath of Partition increased Pakistan's anxieties regarding its much larger neighbor. Kashmir's significance for Pakistan far exceeded its strategic value; its "illegal" accession to India challenged the state's ideological foundations and pointed to a lack of sovereign fulfillment.

The "K" in Pakistan's name stood for Kashmir. Of less symbolic significance was the division of post-Partition assets. Not until December was an agreement reached on Pakistan's share of the sterling assets held by the undivided Government of India at the time of independence. The bulk of these million rupees was held back by New Delhi because of the Kashmir conflict and paid only following Gandhi's intervention and fasting.

India delivered Pakistan's military equipment even more tardily, and less than a sixth of thetons of ordnance allotted to Pakistan by the Joint Defence Council was actually delivered. Violence: A History of the British Empire. A few months later, with war-fueled tensions over Kashmir mounting and India refusing to pay Pakistan million rupees, Pakistan's share of Britain's outstanding war debt, Gandhi began to fast.

Lindhardt og Ringhof. Sardar Patel decided, in the middle of Decemberthat the recent financial agreements with Pakistan should not be followed, unless Pakistan ceased to support the raiders. Gandhi was not convinced and he felt—like Mountbatten and Nehru—that the agreed benjamin franklin small biography of gandhi to Pakistan of a cash amount of Rs.

Gandhi started a fast unto death, which was officially done to stop communal trouble, especially in Delhi, but "word went round that it was directed against Sardar Patel's decision to withhold the cash balances" Only because of Gandhi's interference, which was soon to cause his death, Sardar Patel gave in and the money was handed over to Pakistan.

Delhi and Chennai: Pearson Education. This last fast seems to have been directed in part also against Patel's increasingly communal attitudes the Home Minister had started thinking in terms of a total transfer of population in the Punjab, and was refusing to honour a prior agreement by which India was obliged to give 55 crores of pre-Partition Government of India financial assets to Pakistan.

The national capital and its surrounding areas are gripped by massacres and the spewing of hate. The two Punjabs on either side of the border are aflame. On 1 Januarya Thai visitor comes and compliments him on India's independence. Indian fears his brother Indian. Is this independence? Gandhi smarts at the Government of India's new cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru deciding to withhold the transfer of Pakistan's share Rs 55 crores of the 'sterling balance' that undivided India has held at independence.

The attack on Kashmur is cited as a reason for this. Patel says India cannot give money to Pakistan 'for making bullets to be shot at us'. Gandhi's intense agitation settles into an inner quiet on 12 January when the clear thought comes to him that he must fast. And indefinitely. For further evidence of Patel's involvement in the clearing of Muslims in north India, see Pandey Against the background of the India-Pakistan conflict in Kashmir, the dispute between the two countries over the division of cash balances and Gandhi's fast in earlyMountbatten noted the following of his interview with Patel: 'He expressed the view that the only way to re-establish decent relationship between the Muslims and non-Muslim communities was to remove Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and drive out the Muslims of the East Punjab and the affected neighbouring areas.

Mountbatten Papers, University of Southampton. Blackwell History of the World Series 2nd ed. He undertook a fast not only to restrain those bent on communal reprisal but also to influence the powerful Home Minister, Sardar Patel, who was refusing to share out the assets of the former imperial treasury with Pakistan, as had been agreed.

Gandhi's insistence on justice for Pakistan now that the partition was a fact Palgrave Macmillan. Archived from the original on 12 October Retrieved 31 August The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Archived from the original on 1 January Empirical Foundations of Psychology. History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century.

Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers. Regency Publications. Religion in India: Past and Present. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. Three days later the Mahatma was dead, murdered by a Hindu fanatic, Nathuram Godse, as a climax to a conspiracy hatched by a Poona Brahman group originally inspired by V. Savarkar—a conspiracy which, despite ample warnings, the police of Bombay and Delhi had done nothing to foil.

Bowyer []. Assassin: Theory and Practice of Political Violence. London: Routledge. The Partition of India. Archived from the original on 28 March Retrieved 2 December The bitter experiences of the refugees encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. Trouble began in September after the arrival from refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy.

Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to eventually abandon India's capital. Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma. Mittal Publications. Almanac of World Crime. Retrieved 30 July Archived from the original on 3 July Retrieved 18 June Grove Press.

Archived from the benjamin franklin small biography of gandhi on 4 December Retrieved 19 January Archived from the original on 25 February United Press International. Archived from the original on 4 October The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 September Retrieved 14 January Gandhi meets primetime: globalization and nationalism in Indian television.

University of Illinois Press. Towheed, Shafquat; Owens, W. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Retrieved 29 June Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Los Angeles Times. ProQuest Gandhi Ashram. Rediscovering Gandhi. Gandhian studies and peace research series in Maltese. Archived from the original on 6 August Asian Spiritualities and Social Transformation.

Springer Nature. Archived from the original on 10 August Retrieved 10 August The sheer vagueness and contradictions recurrent throughout his writing made it easier to accept him as a saint than to fathom the challenge posed by his demanding beliefs. Gandhi saw no harm in self-contradictions: life was a series of experiments, and any principle might change if Truth so dictated.

Stuart Brown; et al. Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers. Bruce Journal of Indian History. Religious Studies. Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony. Retrieved 13 January Gier State University of New York Press. Retrieved 1 June Archived from the original on 21 November Archived from the original on 30 July The Gandhi-King Community.

Archived from the original on 11 August The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi. Ahemadabad: Navajivan Mudranalaya. Archived from the original on 2 September Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Archived PDF from the original on 28 January Satyagraha: Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution. Retrieved 26 January Taras Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms. In Jinnah opposed satyagraha and resigned from the Congress, boosting the fortunes of the Muslim League.

The Man who Divided India. Popular Prakashan. Contemporary South Asia. Editions, First Edition, pp. Political Theory. Gandhi staked his reputation as an original political thinker on this specific issue. Hitherto, violence had been used in the name of political rights, such as in street riots, regicide, or armed revolutions. Gandhi believes there is a better way of securing political rights, that of nonviolence, and that this new way marks an advance in political ethics.

Young India. Gandhi: 3. Archived from the original on 19 October Retrieved 3 May Cited from Bormanpp. Harvard University Press. Gandhi was the leading genius of the later, and ultimately successful, campaign for India's independence. India Today. Gandhi as a Author M. Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 25 January Archived from the original on 9 December Life Positive Plus, October—December The Wall Street Journal.

Archived from the original on 3 January Unto this Last: A paraphrase. Archived from the original on 30 October Gandhi Songs From Prison. Public Resource. Archived from the original on 29 October Retrieved 12 July SAGE Publications. The greatest of all national leaders and journalists of the independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi.

The Times Illustrated History of the World. Routledge Library Editions: WW2. Northern Book Centre. Archived from the original on 20 February Imaginations of Death and the Beyond in India and Europe. Springer Nature Singapore. Mahatma Gandhi, modern India's greatest icon, elevated his search for moksha above any of his social or political goals, including India's freedom from colonial rule.

Grand Central Publishing. Gandhi is not only the greatest figure in India's history, but his influence is felt in almost every aspect of life and public policy. Tribune India. BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 March Retrieved 21 December The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Addresses in Durban and Verulam referred to Gandhi as a 'Mahatma', 'great soul'.

He was seen as a great soul because he had taken up the poor's cause. The whites too said good things about Gandhi, who predicted a future for the Empire if it respected justice. India-China Relations. Sunderlal Institute of Asian Studies. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting India. Dutta, Krishna ed. Rabindranath Tagore: an anthology.

Robinson, Andrew. From year to year I have known him intimately for over twenty years I have found him getting more and more selfless. He is now leading almost an ascetic sort of life — not the life of an ordinary ascetic that we usually see but that of a great Mahatma and the one idea that engrosses his mind is his motherland. Gokhale, dated Rangoon, 8 NovemberFile No.

Rabindranath followed suit and then the whole of India called him Mahatma Gandhi. But in when Gandhi was asked whether he was really a Mahatma Gandhi replied that he did not feel like one, and that, in any event, he could not define a Mahatma for he had never met any. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December Delhi: Ecco Press.

Press Trust of India. Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved 5 June Public Division. The Economic Times. Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 7 April Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 7 April Minor Planet Center. Archived PDF from the original on 1 October Archived from the original on 8 November Retrieved 8 November Business Standard News.

Archived from the original on 26 December Archived from the original on 21 March I read all your inquiries and typically respond to most of them daily. If you find what I do helpful, you can support me here. Your email address will not be published. You can also subscribe without commenting. Years in South Africa In South Africa, Gandhi saw first hand the strong rejection and hatred towards the Hindus, which motivated him to create an Indian political party to defend their rights in Return to India In Gandhi returned to India, where he continued to promulgate his religious, philosophical and political values.

Death A few months later, on January 30,Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, an ultra-right Hindu fanatic. Text in Spanish. Avaliable [ HERE ]. Krishna — Youtube.